Historically, power has manifested itself hierarchically within the social formation of genders. Simone De Beauvoir's concept of 'otherness' theorized how individuals' personal manifestations of self are profoundly influenced by their social position and the power available to them in these circumstances (2000: 145). She remains one of the first to develop a feminist philosophy of women. In her book The Second Sex (1950), Beauvoir provides “a philosophical account of the development of patriarchal society and the condition of women within it” (Oliver, 1997: 160). Beauvoir's key initial analysis begins by asking “what is woman” and concludes that woman is “other” and always defined in relation to man (Beauvoir, 2000: 145). “He is the Subject, Beauvoir illustrates that the problematic element involved in social formation is the assumed gender roles. Women are always different. They never occupy the subject position. This dichotomy between men and women is so deeply rooted in our way of thinking that no one even questions the model from which to start. However, Beauvoir questions this model and is truly a pioneer for her time in doing so. Existentialism focuses on the idea that each individual is responsible for the meaning they give to their life. Even though we occupy a world in which our choices are informed by “established norms and values” (Oliver, 1997: 160). These values were rooted in cultural institutions of patriarchal control and ultimately facilitated the concept of women as “other.” The institution of marriage in particular requires the subjugation of women and provides men with unlimited power over their wives. Beauvoir illustrates that the emancipation of women would require the complete removal of systems and institutions that limit women's freedom. Women are limited on so many levels that we should completely ignore all these forms of “interconnected” oppressive systems that make up our
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