The 19th century marked a period of rapid industrialization and social change for Europe. As the Industrial Revolution advanced, a new class of poor arrived, urban factory workers, forced to work in brutal conditions for paltry pay. On the other side of the widening wealth gap stood the new aristocracy: the landowners and entrepreneurs who controlled the means of production. Karl Marx, a revolutionary socialist thinker, and his colleague Friedrich Engels watched the proletariat fall to its knees, bowing before the bourgeoisie and begging for mercy. Marx and Engels responded to the demands of the exploited working class by publishing the Communist Manifesto. He spoke of the urban population boom, of the boundless metropolitan poverty and of the shameful social inequalities. The manifesto was simply a reaction to the class struggle between rich and poor, between haves and have-nots. It was a call to action to end the exploitation of the proletariat, to overthrow the capitalists and create a perfect communist society. The industrial revolution of the 19th century gave the societies of European states a new look, bringing about rapid transformation in both the workplace and the workplace. and family. Before the eighteenth century most people lived on rural and parochial farmland, scattered across the European agricultural landscape. Most of the work was done on the aforementioned farmland or in small shops. However, the development of industry and urbanization has changed the situation. Industrializing Western Europe has seen the greatest population growth, with its population increasing by 10 million in just 50 years. Once a small city, Manchester perfectly represents industry par excellence... the medium of paper... while the number of university students in Russia in 1840 was 4,600 in a population of 50 million. The simple inability to pay for school was not the only reason for the significant lack of European students; rather, children of working-class families spent much of their days working in factories to contribute to their family's income. The Communist Manifesto is, in essence, a call to workers around the world to unite. Simply by being part of European society during the 19th century, both Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels witnessed the oppression felt by the working class. Their manifesto offered the vision of a new way of life, in which there was an equal distribution of wealth along with economic and social equality for its citizens. They rejected the capitalist system, where the value of the working class is measured only by the quantity of goods it can produce.