From what I have identified about hate crimes in my research, the two main motivations for hate crimes are based on race and sexual orientation, "In the report of the FBI in 2010, of the 7,690 incidents reported, 48.4% of the crimes were racially motivated attacks, while prejudice related to sexual orientation came in second place with 19.1%”. Two of the best examples of these crimes are the cases of James Byrd and Mathew Shepard in 1998. These crimes led to the enactment of the Hate Crimes Prevention Act signed by President Barack Obama in 2009. Although the crimes are both very horrific and morbid acts of per se, were based on different types of racial hatred and homophobia. The James Byrd case was racially motivated and brought by three guys who all had long criminal records, two of them had close affiliations with the KKK, Arian Nation, as. evidenced by the tattoos on their bodies at the time of arrest. Mathew Shepard's second case was based on the homophobia of two boys who were also known bullies who befriended him and then took him to a remote camp and tied him to a fence and robbed him, beat him and left him for dead, he was found alive but only to succumb to his wounds 6 days later. In this article I will focus on the James Byrd case. Case Details: On June 7, 1998, Jasper Texas, James Byrd, a 49-year-old black man, was walking along a street and three men (all three white) offered him a ride. Byrd knew one of those men, Shawn Berry, but things went horribly wrong after the men beat Byrd with a bat and then shackled him by the ankles and drugged him behind a truck for more than three miles on rough rural roads. "Forensic evidence suggests that Byrd had attempted to keep himself... at the center of the paper...ology of prejudice and discrimination, second additionDL Chandler (2012)The racist murder of James Byrd Jr. took place on this Day of 1998, excerpt from http://newsone.com/2019388/james-byrd-jr-murdered/Human Rights Campaign (2014) Hate Crimes Timeline, excerpt from: http://www.hrc.org/resources/entry /hate -crimes-timelineCNN(1999) Closing arguments today in Texas drag-and-drop trial, Retrieved from http://www.cnn.com/US/9902/22/dragging.death.03/CNN(1998) 3 white men indicted in dragging the death of a black man in Texas, Retrieved from: http://www.cnn.com/US/9807/06/dragging.death.02/Elliot R. Smith, Charles R. Seger, Diane M. Mackieh, (2007). Can emotions be truly group-level? Evidence regarding four conceptual criteria. Retrieved from http://www. indiana.edu/~smithlab/articles/multigroup.pdf