In the early 17th century, British colonizers began arriving in the New World in hopes of expanding their territorial dominion. By the 18th century, Spanish colonizers had established trading posts and missions in the New World, covering a vast expanse of land that extended even beyond England's colonial possessions. When the English arrived, they stimulated Indian depopulation and African and European immigration. The arrival of the Spanish brought about the near extinction of the Indians and a flourishing international trade. Although Spain had a century-long lead over Britain, both nations used the resources of the New World to further their own mercantile goals, thus devastating the native populations; however, Spain's missionary efforts were more successful and the location of their respective colonies resulted in a monopoly of several economic products. For example, British colonizers established a royal colony in Virginia in 1630 and a proprietary colony in Maryland in 1632. The rest of New England was settled by refugees from English religious persecution, also known as Puritans. The climate of the southern colonies was very hot and humid, perfect for growing tobacco. However, tobacco depleted the soil of its nutrients, thus forcing the settlers to rely on the crop rotation system. This made growing tobacco very inefficient, labor-intensive, and an extravagant endeavor, even though the huge profits made it seem worth it. One of Britain's rival colonizers, Spain, established its hold in present-day Mexico, Florida, the Caribbean, New Mexico, and Bolivia in the 16th century. In what is now Mexico and Bolivia, Spain found rich mines awash with silver. In the early 17th century, the... mid-paper ......1680s, it proved capable of keeping the Spanish away until 1716, when Spanish authorities in Mexico established permanent settlements in Texas. Wars between the Natives and the English, such as the First and Second Anglo-Powhatan Wars of 1614 and 1644, proved to be major setbacks for the English. British and Spanish colonization in North America had a profound impact on the culture, history, and demographics of Canada, the United States, and Mexico. British colonialism created opportunities for trade, fishing, lumber, and other exports to the Old World and also exerted religious influence on the East Coast, while Spain laid the foundation for the modern banking system and led to the evangelization of traditional native ceremonies. . Both British and Spanish colonialism virtually decimated the Native American population, an effect observed to this day.