The implementation of political and economic theories often varies from writer to practice. This alteration is often due to the incompatible environment in which the model is put into operation or the idealistic nature of the concept. Within Marxism, socialism means a defined historical period of economic development and its resulting social relations that replace capitalism in the plane of historical materialism (Habib, 1993: 5). To progress towards socialism, according to Marx, a state must submit to the struggles of the working class against the attacks of the capitalist class to establish its collective control over production; these are the fundamental foundations of a socialist society (Habib, 1993: 5). Examples of this failure to implement socialism have been perceived in the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and the People's Republic of China (PRC). Both republics are not sufficiently developed in the socialist phase due to their predominantly peasant societies. The economic and political situations in the USSR are almost parallel to those of the PRC, both states were weakened by wars and political unrest, however, the way each dealt with peasant difficulties is somewhat contradictory. This article will examine the peasant conditions of the USSR and the PRC and how they attempted to adapt to them as they progressed towards socialism. To begin with, the analysis of the condition of the USSR before the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the First World War was not cultivable. cultivate socialism. It was crucial not only to the future implementation of socialism, but its events also paralleled those in China that founded the PRC. The combination of inadequate manpower due to both wars and the threat of economic collapse with political demora... middle of paper... Marxist theory of socialism was unsuccessful in the USSR and the PRC. This was established by analyzing the conditions, structural arrangement and how the USSR and PRC responded to the peasants. The implementation of socialism in the immature societies of the USSR and the PRC demonstrated disastrous consequences through the development of inadequate plans such as the Five-Year Plan and the Great Leap Forward, and contradictory policies to administer the peasantry through the mechanism of anti-kulak policy and anti-kulak policy. Cultural Revolution. It is also argued that Weber's liberal critique of communism highlighted the utopian element of this theorem. However, societies composed predominantly of peasants are not suitable for cultivating socialism since the theorem is intended for advanced capitalist societies (Nine, 1982: 35).