Topic > Environmental Impact of Urbanization in Indonesia

Practical Action, a British charity, built roof tiles made of sand and clay to improve housing (Lyons, Schilderman & Boano 2010). Furthermore, the United Nations Human Settlements Program was responsible for providing electricity and piped water to squatter settlements, greatly improving living standards with basic necessities (Lyon, Schilderman, and Boano 2010). Therefore, the quality of life that urban areas appear to provide to squatters has potentially influenced the urban expansion of squatter settlements around major cities in developing countries. In developing countries, small-scale rural squatters, struggling to earn a sufficient income, often seek alternative means of employment in large cities. Most families in squatter settlements are classified in the lowest income group, often earning an income close to the minimum wage level (Srinivas 2005). Therefore, their main concern is the source of income and the place of work. Due to the size of urban areas and the variety of job opportunities on offer, squatters are attracted to the “bright lights” of opportunities and possibilities offered in large cities, such as putting their children through school (Kramer