During the 1830s, the average American, age 15 or older, consumed seven gallons of pure alcohol per year (PBS). Because women had very few legal rights, they relied heavily on their husbands to provide for the family; however, men were the primary abusers of alcohol. This resulted in chaos in the family along with public altercations. The chaotic society started the Temperance Movement. Public Broadcasting Channel wrote, "The country's first serious anti-alcohol movement was born out of a fervor for reform that swept the nation in the 1830s and 1840s" (PBS). Protestant churches pushed for reform that began with moderation and eventually led local, state, and national governments to ban alcohol entirely. Beginning in the 1870s, the temperance movement reemerged and began to grow rapidly in America. Temperance was pushed forward by an emerging women's movement focused on family protection, aided by strong support from many Protestant churches (PBS). Soon a number of states adopted a state-level ban, but it was World War I that made the switch. to the possible national ban. The strong anti-German prejudice that developed since the war made German breweries popular targets of hostility (PBS). Furthermore, the argument that the production of alcoholic beverages diverted grain needed for the war effort, the effective organization of Prohibitionists coupled with the lack of organization on the part of those who did not support Prohibition, the strong support of the Ku Klux Klan, Political intimidation, and the effects of decades of temperance propaganda made possible the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment establishing nationwide prohibition. The first few years were successful as the level of alcohol consumption dropped enormously. However, Prohibition failed to stop alcohol use; and, furthermore, it has led to the widespread production of dangerous, unregulated and untaxed alcohol, the development of organized crime, increased violence and massive political corruption (PBS). All of these effects eventually led to the repeal of Prohibition in 1933. Prohibition was successful during the early years, to some extent, due to the decrease in alcohol consumption and crime rates. A graph constructed by Clark Warburton depicts per capita consumption of alcoholic beverages (gallons of pure alcohol) from 1910 to 1929. In 1919, eight-tenths of a gallon was consumed annually by the average American (Warburton). After the 18th Amendment took effect in 1920, the level dropped to two-tenths of a gallon. This lasted only a year bringing the consumption rate back to eight-tenths of a gallon in 1921 (Warburton).