Clinical implications In the application of CPP when working with children who have suffered trauma or abuse there are a number of clinical implications of which therapists must be aware aware. Ippen et al (2011) suggest the need to target younger children, the need to include parents and work to provide evidence-based services to meet clients' needs. The research cited above regarding the negative effects of childhood trauma supports the idea of ​​targeting younger children. In counseling, regarding the inclusion of parents and working with children, O'Neill, Guenette, and Kitchenham (2010) describe that the first and most important aspect of counseling is the therapeutic relationship, as well as the creation of a safe environment . In CPP, creating a safe therapeutic environment and home environment is critical to providing an environment to repair the child-parent relationship (Lieberman, 2007). CPP emphasizes the importance of restoring a sense of trust and security within the intimate parent-child relationship by recreating comfortable body-based sensations, trust within the parent, and the ability to protect oneself from harm and emotional dysregulation. Additionally, it is important to increase the pleasure felt by both parent and child in engaging in age-appropriate activities. With the ultimate goal of flexibly enhancing the child's thinking and feelings and the parents' thinking and feelings with the hope of maximizing opportunities to promote mutual understanding. When considering client needs, Lieberman (2007) identified that effective interventions must incorporate a focus on the mental health of the mother in addition to focusing on the mother-child relationship as a way to impact positive change in the c... ...middle of paper......psychotherapy. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 30, 563-566. O'Neill, L., Guenette, F., and Kitchenham. (2010). “I'm safe here and you like me”: Understanding complex trauma and attachment disruption in the classroom. British Journal of Special Education, 37, (4), 190-197.Public Health Agency of Canada. (2010). Canadian Study on the Incidence of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect - 2008: Key Findings. Ottawa, Ontario: Public Health Agency of Canada. Retrieved from http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/cm-vee/csca-ecve/2008/fs-am/index-eng.phpToth, S., & Gravener, J. (2012). Review: Connecting research and practice: Relational interventions for maltreated children. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 17, (3), 131-138.Van der Kolk, B. (2005). Developmental trauma disorder: Toward a rational diagnosis for chronically traumatized children. Psychiatric Annals, 35, (5), 401-408.